Urine Sugar analysis
The examination of urine (pyhsical, chemical and microscopic) is called
Urinalysis. It provides a valuable picture of the general health pattern of a
patient. Urinalysis is usually done to
(i) find out the state of the kidneys and the urinary tract, and
(ii) gather information about metabolic and systemic abnormalities.
To diagnose metabolic and systemic disorders such as diabetes and
jaundice, tests for glucose, ketone bodies, bilirubin and urobilinogen should
be carried out.
Collection and preservation of Urine
Urine is mainly composed of 95% water, and the rest being made of
urea, uric acid, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphates
etc. It must be collected in a clean, dry container and examined as soon as
possible. For testing glucose, urine collected 2 to 3 hours after food is
suitable.
Sugar Analysis
Sugars are generally known as reducing substances because they can
reduce a heavy metal, such as copper, from a higher to a lower oxidation
state for example, the reduction of blue cupric sulphate to red cuprous oxide.
Glucose, lactose, fructose, galactoese, pentoses, sucrose etc., are the
reducing substances found in urine. Even though there are many reducing
substances in the urine, estimation of glucose is important, as it indicates the
hyperglycemic condition. (Urine Sugar analysis)
Significance of Glucose
Glucose is present in trace amonts in normal urine. In the kidneys,
glucose is filtered by the glomeruli and reabsorbed by the tubules. Above a
certain limit the tubules cannot reabsorb all the glucose. The surplus glucose
appears in urine and this condition is known as glycosuria. When
glycosuria is detected and hyperglycemia (excess glucose) is estalished, the
chronic disorder, diabetes mellitus is indicated. In this condition as much
as 280 milli moles/ L of glucose can be found in urine. It indicates
disturbances in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism.
Urine glucose is tested both qualitatively and quantitatively. Benedicts
test is the qualitative test to indicate the presence or absence of sugars.
Different types of quantitative tests, each of them based on some principle
are also employed to quantitate the urine sugar content. Some of them are
Bendicts reagent method, glucose oxidase method ,o- toluidene method etc.
Thin layer chromatography is considered a superior method for
identification of urine sugars. Recently, digital glucometer is in usage for
instantaneous determination of blood glucose levels. (Urine Sugar analysis)
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