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BE8251 Notes

BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR

BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR

A bipolar junction transistor is a three terminal semiconductor device in which the operation depends on the interaction of majority and minority carriers.

Transistor refers to Transfer Resistor

i.e., signals are transferred from low resistance circuit into high resistance circuit.

BJT BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR consists of silicon crystal in which a layer of ‘N’ type silicon is sandwiched between two layers of ‘P’ type silicon.

The semiconductor sandwiched is extremely smaller in size.

In other words, it consists of two back to back PN junction joined together to form single piece of semiconductor crystal.

These two junctions gives three region called Emitter, Base and Collector.

There are two types of transistors such as PNP and NPN.

The arrow on the emitter specifies whether the transistor is PNP or NPN type and also determines the direction of flow of current, when the emitter base junction is forward biased.

Emitter: 

It is more heavily doped than any of the other region because its main function is to supply majority charge carriers to the base.

Base:

It forms the middle section of the transistor.

It is very thin as compared to either the emitter or collector and is very lightly doped.

Collector: 

Its main function is to collect the majority charge carriers coming from the emitter and passing through the base.

In most transistors, collector region is made physically larger than the emitter because it has to dissipate much greater power.

Operation of Transistor

The basic operation will be described using the pnp transistor.

The operation of the pnp transistor is exactly the same if the roles played by the electron and hole are interchanged.

BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR BJT

One p-n junction of a transistor is reverse-biased, whereas the other is forward-biased.

Both biasing potentials have been applied to a pnp transistor and resulting majority and minority carrier flows indicated.

Majority carriers (+) will diffuse across the forward-biased p-n junction into the n-type material.

A very small number of carriers (+) will through n-type material to the base terminal. Resulting IB is typically in order of microamperes.

The large number of majority carriers will diffuse across the reverse-biased junction into the p-type material connected to the collector terminal.

Majority carriers can cross the reverse-biased junction because the injected majority carriers will appear as minority carriers in the n-type material.

Applying KCL to the transistor :

IE = IC + IB

The comprises of two components – the majority and minority carriers

IC = ICmajority + ICOminority

ICO – IC current with emitter terminal open and is called leakage current.

Common Base configuration

Common-base terminology is derived from the fact that the :

base is common to both input and output of the configuration.

base is usually the terminal closest to or at ground potential.

All current directions will refer to conventional (hole) flow and the arrows in all electronic symbols have a direction defined by this convention.

Note that the applied biasing (voltage sources) are such as to establish current in the direction indicated for each branch.

To describe the behavior of common-base amplifiers requires two set of characteristics: o Input or driving point characteristics.

Output or collector characteristics

The output characteristics has 3 basic regions:

Active region –defined by the biasing arrangements

Cutoff region – region where the collector current is 0A

Saturation region- region of the characteristics to the left of

VCB = 0V

The curves (output characteristics) clearly indicate that a first approximation to the relationship between IE and IC in the active region is given by

IC ≈IE

Once a transistor is in the ‘on’ state, the base-emitter voltage will be assumed to be

VBE = 0.7V

In the dc mode the level of IC and IE due to the majority carriers are related by a quantity called alpha

 α = IC / IE

IC = α IE + ICBO

It can then be summarize to IC = αIE (ignore ICBO due to small value)

For ac situations where the point of operation moves on the characteristics curve, an ac alpha defined by

Alpha a common base current gain factor that shows the efficiency by calculating the current percent from current flow from emitter to collector. The value of  is typical from 0.9 ~ 0.998.

Common Emitter configuration

It is called common-emitter configuration since :

emitter is common or reference to both input and output terminals.

emitter is usually the terminal closest to or at ground potential.

Almost amplifier design is using connection of CE due to the high gain for current and voltage.

Two set of characteristics are necessary to describe the behavior for CE; input (base terminal) and output (collector terminal) parameters.

Input characteristics for CE configuration

IB in microamperes compared to milliamperes of IC.

 IB will flow when VBE > 0.7V for silicon and 0.3V for germanium

Before this value IB is very small and no IB.

Base-emitter junction is forward bias

Increasing VCE will reduce IB for different values.

Output characteristics for CE configuration

For small VCE (VCE < VCESAT, IC increase linearly with increasing of VCE

VCE > VCESAT IC not totally depends on VCE   — > constant IC

IB(uA) is very small compare to IC (mA). Small increase in IB cause big increase in IC

IB=0 A  — >  ICEO occur.

Noticing the value when IC=0A. There is still some value of current flows.

Common Collector configuration

  • Also called emitter-follower (EF).
  • It is called common-emitter configuration since both the
  • Signal source and the load share the collector terminal as a common connection point.
  • The output voltage is obtained at emitter terminal.
  • The input characteristic of common-collector configuration is similar with common-emitter. configuration.
  • Common-collector circuit configuration is provided with the load resistor connected from emitter to ground.
  • It is used primarily for impedance-matching purpose since it has high input impedance and low output impedance.
  • For the common-collector configuration, the output characteristics are a plot of IE vs VCEfor a range of values of IB.

Small Signal Amplifier

When the input signal is so weak as to produce small fluctuations in the collector current compared to its quiescent value, the amplifier is known as Small Signal Amplifier.

In other words, as the name indicates, the input applied to the circuit is Vin << Vth. It has only one amplifying device.

Α = IC / IE

IC = α  IE + ICBO

Voltage and current equation for hybrid parameters:

V1 = h11i1 + h12V2

I2 = h21i1 + h22V2

The values of h-parameters:

h11 = V1/ i1

h12 = V1 / V2

h21 = i2 / i1

h22 = i2 / V2

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Other links 

Construction of DC GENERATOR

Semiconductor Devices And Applications

Classification of Materials

Classification of Semiconductor

PN Junction Diode

Zener Effects

Rectifiers and Types of rectifiers

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